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English Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction (because, although, if, when, until, since) starts a dependent clause and links it to a main clause. The dependent clause can come first, followed by a comma, or second, usually with no comma.

  • CEFR B1
  • 8-question quiz
  • 2 exercises

This unit covers subordinating conjunctions, including after, although, because, before, if, and since. These occur at the beginning of subordinate or dependent clauses, and are used to combine independent and dependent clauses together.

A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand alone), or links to another clause that provides additional information, is called a subordinating conjunction.
Common subordinating conjunctions are: if, because, when, until, since, as, even if, even though.

Examples:

You should be able to attach all documents once you log into your account. (“once” links the first clause to the second, dependent clause.)
I will not be able to answer my phone if you call me before noon. (“if” connects the first clause to the second, dependent clause.)
She missed her doctor’s appointment because she left the meeting late. (“because” connects the first clause to the second, dependent clause.)

Key vocabulary

WordMeaningExample
becausegives a reasonShe missed the train because her meeting ran late.
althoughintroduces a contrast; similar to even thoughAlthough the project was difficult, we finished on time.
ifintroduces a conditionIf you need help, call me.
even ifthe result does not change, whatever the conditionEven if it rains, the event will take place.
untilup to the time whenPlease wait here until your name is called.
onceas soon as; afterOnce you log in, you can download the documents.
sincefrom a time in the past; also: becauseI've worked here since I moved to Denver.
before / aftershow the order of two actionsCheck your email before you leave the office.
whileduring the time that; also: whereasI listen to podcasts while I drive to work.
dependent clausea clause with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone as a sentence"Because I was late" is a dependent clause.

Practice: English Subordinating Conjunctions

Work through the exercises, then test yourself with the quiz. Learn from your mistakes and try again as often as you like.

Exercises

Choose the conjunction

Complete each sentence with because, although, if, until, once, before, when or since. Use each word once.

  1. We'll start the meeting ______ everyone arrives.

    as soon as

    Show answer

    once

  2. ______ the hotel was expensive, it was worth it.

    contrast

    Show answer

    Although

  3. I can't log in ______ I forgot my password.

    reason

    Show answer

    because

  4. ______ you have any questions, send me an email.

    condition

    Show answer

    If

  5. Don't sign the contract ______ you read it carefully.

    the earlier action

    Show answer

    before

  6. Stay on the line ______ an agent is available.

    up to the time that

    Show answer

    until

  7. She has lived in Boston ______ she was a child.

    from a time in the past

    Show answer

    since

  8. Call me ______ you get to the airport.

    at the time that

    Show answer

    when

Join the sentences

Join the two sentences with the conjunction in parentheses. Put the dependent clause first and use a comma.

  1. It was raining. We had lunch outside. (although)

    contrast

    Show answer

    Although it was raining, we had lunch outside.

  2. The flight was canceled. We stayed another night. (because)

    reason

    Show answer

    Because the flight was canceled, we stayed another night.

  3. You finish the report. Send it to the client. (once)

    as soon as

    Show answer

    Once you finish the report, send it to the client.

  4. You arrive early. You can get a good seat. (if)

    condition

    Show answer

    If you arrive early, you can get a good seat.

Quiz: 8 questions

1. Which words are examples of subordinating conjunctions?
2. Choose the right subordinating conjunction: "______ she tried really hard, she lost the race."
3. Choose the correct subordinating conjunction: "______ she comes, I will not talk to her."
4. Identify the subordinating conjunction in this sentence: "We went to dinner after the movie ended, and then we went home."
5. Fill in the correct subordinating conjunction: "I will wait here ______ he comes."
6. Complete the sentence with a subordinating conjunction: "The girl asked ______ she could use my phone."
7. Fill in the blank with the correct subordinating conjunction: "We will finish ______ he arrives."
8. Fill in the blank with a subordinating conjunction: "______ the test starts, you will not be able to talk."

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