French Agreement with Direct Object Pronouns

In the previous module, you learned about replacing direct objects with direct object pronouns in sentences. An important component to that is understanding the new and different placement of the direct object pronoun itself. To fully understand how to use direct object pronouns in French, we’ll learn one additional rule.

Look at these examples of direct object pronouns in the passé composé:

1. Tu as donné le crayon à ton camarade de classe. → Tu l’as donné à ton camarade de classe.
2. J’ai écrit la lettre. → Je l’ai écrite.
3. Elles ont regardé les deux films d’horreur au cinéma. → Elles les ont regardés au cinéma.
4. Nous avons tenu (held) nos bouteilles. → Nous les avons tenues.

What do you notice about these sentences that is similar to and different from the examples in the previous module?

Of course, the placement of the direct object pronouns is the same as the previous examples; they come before the conjugated verb. Except this time, you must recognize that this conjugated verb is the auxiliary verb of the passé composé. The most important difference is seen in the past participles, or the second component to the passé composé. Notice the different endings of the past participles compared to each original sentence. You’ll see that some look the same as the original (sentence 1), and the others add on either an -e, -s, or -es.

The Rule

The rule for using direct object pronouns in the passé composé is that the past participle must agree in gender and number with the direct object pronoun. That means that it must also agree with the direct object that the direct object pronoun is replacing. This means that you will be making agreement in the passé composé using avoir which was not learned previously in A2.1.

Take a look at these four example sentences again:

1. Tu as donné le crayon à ton camarade de classe. → Tu l’as donné à ton camarade de classe.
2. J’ai écrit la lettre. → Je l’ai écrite.
3. Elles ont regardé les deux films d’horreur au cinéma. → Elles les ont regardés au cinéma.
4. Nous avons tenu (held) nos bouteilles. → Nous les avons tenues.

The underlined words mark the direct objects that are replaced with the corresponding direct object pronouns. Notice how the positions of the direct object and the passé composé verb flip when the direct object pronoun is used. Each pronoun comes before the auxiliary verb avoir. The ending added to the past participle is the agreement. The endings agree in gender and in number with the direct object/direct object pronoun.

Gender/Number	Add…	Example	Translation
Masculine Singular	Nothing. There is no additional agreement	J’ai acheté le frigo. → Je l’ai acheté.	I bought the refrigerator. → I bought it.
Feminine Singular	-e	J’ai sorti la poubelle. → Je l’ai sortie.	I took out the trash. → I took it out.
Masculine Plural	-s	J’ai invité Solenn et Yann. → Je les ai invités.	I invited Solenn and Yann. → I invited them.
Feminine Plural	-es	J’ai vu Tatianne et Jessica. → Je les ai vues.	I saw Tatianne and Jessica. → I saw them.